Novel in vitro methodology for induction of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm on apical resorption areas.

Context: Teeth with periapical lesion usually present external root resorption around the apical foramen. These areas facilitate adhesion and co-aggregation of microorganisms developing biofilms. Up to the present moment, there is no methodology in the literature that enables the in vitro evaluation of endodontic irrigants and intracanal dressings on biofilms located in apical external root resorptions of human teeth. Aims: This study aimed to describe a new in vitro methodology for Enterococcus faecalis biofilm development in external apical reportion areas of human extracted teeth in different periods of time. Settings and Design: In vitro qualitative laboratory study. Subjects and Methods: Thirty roots from human extracted teeth presenting external apical resorption had their root canal diameters standardized by means of instrumentation. Next, the roots were randomly divided into three groups (n = 30) according to E. faecalis strains (ATCC 29212) exposure time as follows: Group T5, with 5‑day exposure; Group T10, with 10‑day exposure, and Group T15, with 15‑day exposure. The roots were attached to 24‑well culture plates so that only their apices could be in contact with bacteria for induction of biofilm formation. At the end of these exposure times, the roots were qualitatively evaluated with scanning electron microscope to observe the presence of biofilm in external resorptions around the apical foramen. Results: It was found that microorganisms were present in all exposure times, although structures suggesting the presence of biofilm with great conglomerate of bacteria showing structures similar to polysaccharide extensions were observed at the 10th day of exposure. Conclusions: By means of this new methodology, it was possible to observe biofilm formation in the areas of external apical resorption after 10 days of exposure.

Evaluation of 0.5 percent peracetic acid and 2.5 percent sodium hypochlorite on smear layer removal of root canal instrumented by three rotary systems / Avaliação do ácido peracético a 0.5 por cento e do hipoclorito de sódio a 2.5 por cento na remoção da smear layer em canais instrumentados por três sistemas rotatórios

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 0.5% peracetic acid solution and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution on smear layer removal of root canal walls after rotary instrumentation. Material & methods: Sixty single-rooted human teeth with standardized length had their canals instrumented by three rotary systems (Biorace, MTwo and Endowave), varying the irrigation solution, as follows (n=10): G1- Biorace System + 0.5% peracetic acid solution; G2- Biorace System + 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution; G3- MTwo System + 0.5% peracetic acid solution; G4- MTwo System + 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution; G5- Endowave System + 0.5% peracetic acid solution; G6- Endowave System + 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution. After instrumentation, the roots were cleaved and the dentin walls were evaluated by SEM at x500 and x2000 magnification for assessing the cleaning of the root canals at the cervical, middle and apical thirds. The analyzed area was quantified according to the total number of tubules present and the percentage of open tubules at each region. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by ANOVA and Tukey tests, at the significance level of 5%. Results: There were no statistical significant differences among the experimental groups. In all groups the smear layer removal at cervical and medium thirds was higher than that of apical third. Conclusion: It was concluded that the cleaning obtained at the apical third was lower in all groups studied and neither the instrumentation technique nor the irrigating solution was able to promote total smear layer removal from root canal walls

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do ácido peracético a 0,5% e do hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% na remoção da smear layer das paredes do canal radicular após instrumentação com diferentes sistemas rotatórios. Material e métodos: Foram utilizados 60 dentes humanos unirradiculares que tiveram seus canais instrumentados de forma padronizada por três sistemas rotatórios (Biorace, MTwo e Endowave), variando a solução irrigadora utilizada, como segue (n = 10): G1 - Ácido peracético a 0,5% + Preparo Biomecânico (PBM) com Sistema Biorace; G2 - Hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% + PBM com Sistema Biorace; G 3 - Ácido peracético 0,5% + PBM com Sistema Mtwo; G4 - Hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% + PBM com Sistema MTwo; G5 – Ácido peracético a 0,5% + PBM com Sistema Endowave; G6 - Hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% + PBM com Sistema Endowave. Finalizada a instrumentação, as raízes foram clivadas e as paredes dentinárias foram avaliadas em MEV com aumento de 500x e 2000x nos terços cervical, médio e apical. A área analisada foi quantificada pelo número total de túbulos dentinários presentes e pela porcentagem de túbulos abertos na região avaliada. Os dados relativos à porcentagem de túbulos abertos foram submetidos à análise estatística utilizando os testes de ANOVA e Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos experimentais. A remoção da smear layer foi maior nos terços cervical e médio em relação ao terço apical em todos os grupos. Conclusão: Nenhuma técnica de instrumentação ou solução irrigadora foi capaz de promover a remoção total da smear layer das paredes do canal radicular e a limpeza obtida no terço apical foi inferior em todos os grupos avaliados.